I have an interest in extremely low-frequency (ELF) radio -- transmission frequencies below 300kHz. Of particular interest to me is WWVB, the official government time station operated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It transmits on 60kHz. The NIST also operates WWV, which transmits on 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20MHz, but since those are HF shortwave transmissions, I don't pay much attention to them. All that RF stuff is too tricky.
But 60kHz -- that's practically audio. So here's what I'm wondering. Could I make a WWVB receiver that is not a conventional superhetrodyne receiver? Instead, I think the classic tuned RF (TRF) receiver might be practical. This type of receiver was popular from 1915 to 1930 and preceded Armstrong's invention of the superhet. The TRF was not as selective as the superhet. Further, tuning multiple, cascaded stages was an iterative (and therefore tedious) process.
In spite of these issues, it would be an interesting design to investigate. Here are the details. We should need only one inductor: the loop antenna. This loop (aperture facing toward Fort Collins, Colo.) would have a parallel tuning capacitor selected to resonate with the loop's inductance at 60kHz. This tank circuit feeds a gain-and-tuning stage built around an op-amp configured as a VCVS bandpass filter (BPF) or possibly a three-op-amp biquad BPF.
I would design the filter to have as high Q as is practical without breaking into oscillation. The NIST would not appreciate someone splattering all over its transmissions. If more gain were needed, I could add a second stage just like the first. If I used the biquad topology, I could tune it by simultaneously tweaking two resistor values per filter. This is a good application for a dual (or quad) digitally controlled pot; I believe Maxim has these in its portfolio.
After the gain stage, I'd install the detector -- probably an ideal diode stage built around another op-amp. After the detector, I'd add the decoder circuitry to extract the time and date information. Since that's all digital, and since that's not my forte, I'd leave that portion to someone far wiser than I am.
Brad, The system as you describe it would probably work to some degree, but there are a few challenges. ELF is a very noisy part of the spectrum, and some of the noise is quite strong. Where that becomes a problem is in dynamic range and intermodulation product generation. The challenge being to have enough gain prior to the filter to overcome filter noise, while avoiding overloads due to unwanted noise. The solution is greater dynamic range, but that is not quite so easy.
One common trick is to shield the tuned loop so that it does not pick up any electrostatic signals, which would not be so readily rejected by the single tuned loop. That is why many of the TRF receivers had several tuned circuits, each with an intermediate amplifier. Another option would be a direct conversion receiver, which would allow you to recover both the I and Q values of the signal. Then a DSP section would allow the recovery of the modulation signal.
Bruce Bailey 1/23/2013 5:05:56 PM User Rank Newbie
Re: Other methods
BPaddock_2 -
Good call on the articles by Roehrig in "73 Magazine". Content shows all that is needed - resonant, B-field antenna (lower noise than E-field?), Hi-Z JFET buffer, diode AGC (so you can haul it around), band-pass amplifiers to reduce harmonics generated in the diode AGC. I think Brad can implement a TRF without inductors.
Bruce Bailey, Ft Collins, CO
A ferrite bar antenna wound to resonate with a fixed value cap into the Hi-Z JFET stage receives the signal in my basement - quite well!
The whip antenna on an automobile is a small fraction of a wavelength (300 meters at 1 MHz versus a 1 meter whip) and therefore is basically a capacitor plate open to the air. It and the capacitance of the coaxial cable that connects it are resonated with an inductor in the AM receiver (older designs) or folded into a bandpass filter (synthesizer based designs). The receiver is in a shielded enclosure so the capacitive whip antenna is the sole source of reception.
B Roehrig, "Most Accurate Frequency Standard, Parts 1,2,3", 73 magazine, Jan/Feb/Mar 1994. Circuit boards available from FAR Circuits This is a WWVB frequency standard and needs additional circuitry to demodulate and decode the time signals.
I've always wanted to try one of NASA's Black Hole Antennas to see if it could be made to work at 60 kHz.
"A Broadband Active Antenna for ELF Magnetic Fields" by John F. Sutton and G. Craig Spaniol" in Physics Essays March 1993, Vol 6, #1, 1993. See:
If your loop is stationary you can orient it for maximum signal strength. For portable use, you have to accept that sometimes you will be in the null of the receive pattern and have to move. In that instance a signal strength indication would be very helpful.
Resonating the loop antenna as your only tuned circuit is problematic because LF ambient noise is high. You really need narrow bandwidth for long distance reception. Try a 60 KHz PLL for synchronous detection. If you live near the transmitter in Ft. Collins, maybe SNR is not a problem.
Without a loop, the alternative is a capacitive antenna (AM car radio antennas are of this type). That's probably what the watches use, with the human as the reference. I'm guessing a lot of signal averaging is used to extract the signal from the noise.
Michael Dunn 1/21/2013 1:48:26 PM User Rank Artist
Other methods
A DSP could handle all the filtering and decoding quite nicely. Switched-cap filter chips might be worth considering too. Not that there's anything wrong with a standard analog active filter.
AFAIK, so-called atomic watches and clocks tune to WWVB, so the watches at least manage without inductors!
Following up on Bill Schweber's blog on technical books and Part 1 of this blog, we take a closer look at some important books that are an excellent source of information.
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